A relative numerical classification of the fumes developed by a burning material.

A wall built of a slurry used to hold up the sides of an area to be excavated.

Continuous membranes used to resist the passage of smoke.

The incline angle of a roof surface, given as a ratio of the rise (in inches) to the run (in feet). See also pitch.

A process used to make bricks when the clay contains moisture in excess of 15 percent.

A process in which iron ore is heated, separating the iron from the impurities.

The area below the eaves and overhangs. The underside where the roof overhangs the walls. Usually the underside of an overhanging cornice. Undersurface of a projection or opening; bottom of a cornice between the fascia board and the outside of the building; underside of a stair, floor or lintel.

A test to ascertain the slum of concrete samples.

The "wetness" of concrete. A 3 inch slump is dryer and stiffer than a 5 inch slump. A measure of the consistency of freshly mixed concrete, mortar, or stucco.

A liquid mixture of water, bentonite clay, or Portland cement.

- A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof. A vertical plumbing pipe into which waste flows through waste pipes from each fixture.

A large pipe that carries liquid and solid wastes to a sewer or septic tank.

That portion of a soil stack above the highest fixture waste connection to it.

Metal shafts grouted into holes drilled into the sides of an excavation to stabilize it.

Radiant energy originating form the sun.

A botanical group of trees that have needles and are evergreen.

A unit whose core does not exceed 15 percent of the gross cross-sectional area of the unit.

A solid member placed between adjacent floor joists near the center of the span to prevent joists or rafters from twisting.

A device used to divert solar energy form windows.

- The bottom, horizontal framing member of a wall that's attached to the floor sheeting and vertical wall studs. See Plate.